DEM definitions and historical perspective, data sources and their suitability-field survey data, topographic sheets at various scales, stereo aerial photographs, stereo images from satellites, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, GPS and LIDAR, interpolation techniques and their evolution ,contemporary techniques, sources of error, their propagation and minimization strategies, computer graphics and DEM visualization techniques, applications of DEM in geomorphology, water Resources, terrain evaluation, landscape architecture, role of DEM in remote sensing and GIS based studies.

• Text / References:
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